Unsafe Homes, Uncertain Futures: Protection Risks Facing the Dom Community in Lebanon
Unsafe Homes, Uncertain Futures: Protection Risks Facing the Dom Community in Lebanon
Research Team
Research Lead: Aslı Saban
Report Writers: Aslı Saban, Dr. Roy AJ
Researcher: Roushan Al Khalaf
Funded by : Anna Lindh Foundation, AECID, Cooperacion Espanola, Masar AL’AN
This publication is considered public domain and there is no requirement to obtain permission from Lebanese Developers however, the report requires referencing when used. This report was created by Lebanese Developers, and they bear full responsibility for its content. The expressions within the report represent the opinions of Lebanese Developers themselves.
Table of Contents
Livelihoods & Economic Inclusion.. 6
Legal Assistance & Documentation.. 6
Education & Child Protection.. 6
Protection & GBV Risk Mitigation.. 6
Water, Shelter, and Basic Services. 6
Durable Solutions & Return Planning. 6
Socio- Demographic Profile.. 9
Income Generating Activities. 10
Skills, Capacities, and Undeveloped Potential. 11
BARRIERS TO TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT.. 12
HOUSING and LIVING CONDITIONS IN AKKAR DISTRICT.. 12
DOM IDENTITY AND DISCRIMINATION.. 13
Protection and Safety Concerns. 13
WOMEN and GIRLS’S PROTECTION RISKS. 14
PRIORITY NEEDS IDENTIFIED BY PARTICIPANTS. 15
FUTURE ASPIRATIONS and CONDITIONS For RETURN to SYRIA.. 15
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Dom community in Lebanon represents one of the most marginalized and least visible populations affected by displacement. Following the conflict in Syria, many Dom families sought refuge in Lebanon, settling primarily in informal camp-based settings and collective shelters, particularly in the Akkar district. This qualitative needs assessment, conducted by Lebanese Developers, aims to explore and understand the community’s socio-economic conditions, protection risks, gender dynamics, livelihood challenges, and perspectives on potential return to Syria.
The findings reveal severe and persistent socio-economic vulnerability, driven by extreme poverty, universal illiteracy, lack of legal documentation, discrimination based on Dom identity, and exclusion from formal labor markets and education systems. Households rely almost entirely on informal, unstable income-generating activities such as begging, seasonal agricultural labor, house cleaning, and shoe polishing, which provide insufficient and unpredictable income. Women, particularly those with childcare responsibilities, face compounded challenges due to restrictive gender norms, safety concerns, and lack of childcare and transportation, while men experience significant psychosocial distress linked to unemployment and inability to provide for their families.
Living conditions in informal settlements are overcrowded and unsafe, characterized by poor shelter quality, limited access to clean water and sanitation, lack of privacy, and heightened protection risks especially for women and children. Discrimination against Dom individuals further restricts access to employment, services, and education, with Dom children frequently exposed to bullying and exclusion from schools.
Participants consistently expressed that return to Syria is currently unsafe and unrealistic, citing lack of security, absence of livelihoods, missing legal documentation, inadequate healthcare, and fear of discrimination particularly for children in schools. Return is viewed as a long-term aspiration contingent on meaningful improvements in safety, legal recognition, and inclusion.
Priority needs identified by participants include access to clean and reliable water, safe and non-discriminatory education for children, dignified and secure housing, and livelihood support linked to real economic opportunities. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated, protection-sensitive, and gender-responsive interventions that address both immediate needs and structural barriers to dignity and self-reliance.
Key Recommendations
Livelihoods & Economic Inclusion
- Design market-linked livelihood programs that build on existing Dom skills (sewing, handicrafts, beauty work, music).
- Provide tools, materials, and start-up capital, not training alone.
- Integrate childcare and transportation support into all livelihood activities.
- Promote home-based and community-based income options for women.
Legal Assistance & Documentation
- Support legal awareness and documentation assistance in Lebanon.
- Advocate for safe access to work opportunities regardless of documentation status.
- Integrate legal aid referrals into livelihood and protection programming.
Education & Child Protection
- Support safe access to education for Dom children, including anti-bullying mechanisms.
- Establish community-based learning or bridge programs where formal access is blocked.
- Strengthen child protection referral pathways for bullying and discrimination cases.
Protection & GBV Risk Mitigation
- Improve shelter safety (lighting, locks, and privacy partitions).
- Establish women- and girl-friendly spaces within or near settlements.
- Integrate GBV risk mitigation measures into all sectoral interventions.
Water, Shelter, and Basic Services
- Prioritize clean water access and WASH improvements in Dom settlements.
- Support shelter rehabilitation to improve safety, insulation, and dignity.
- Address environmental health risks (insects, sanitation).
Durable Solutions & Return Planning
- Frame return to Syria as a long-term, voluntary, and conditions-based option.
- Advocate for civil documentation, inclusive education, and anti-discrimination measures as prerequisites for return.
- Include Dom communities in durable solutions discussions and planning.
INTRODUCTION
Dom Community in Lebanon
The Dom community is an ethnic minority living across several Middle Eastern countries, including Lebanon, Jordan, the occupied Palestinian territory, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. Often compared to Roma communities in Europe, some sources suggest that the Dom are descendants of traveling performers who migrated westwards from India centuries ago. Accurate statistics are lacking; thus, the population of the Dom community in the wider MENA region is not known. While the term Dom means “man” in Domari, the local Arab population throughout the Middle East calls Dom people ’Nawar,’ which is a derogatory term associated with poor hygiene, laziness, begging, and questionable morality. The essence of this nickname conditions interactions between the Dom and non-Dom people throughout the Middle East.
It prevents understanding or kinship between the Dom and other ethnic and religious groups. Domari is the primary language spoken by the Dom Community. Working as iron smith, tinsmiths, tanners, basket makers, agriculture workers, informal dentists, circumcisers, musicians, and fortune tellers, the Dom community are not dependent on regular income or usually beneficiaries of a state welfare system or public services, with limited access to education and healthcare in most cases.
Moreover, it has been observed that Dom individuals face discrimination and often receive lower wages than their Arab counterparts. Although many have managed to secure work as seasonal agricultural workers, a significant portion of the Dom community faces unemployment due to stereotypes and their traditional means of employment becoming obsolete.
The Dom community is one of many marginalized minority groups in Lebanon. After the civil war in Syria, the Dom community of Syria migrated to Lebanon. The Syrian Dom community mainly obtained the status of ‘asylum seekers’ or ‘refugee’ in Lebanon while resettling into the Lebanese Dom settlements or as Palestinian refugees.
Several also established informal camp- based settings, primarily in the North of Lebanon, close to the Syrian border and among the Syrian Dom community in Tripoli, Sidon, Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and Jubayl. The Dom community, including the current refugee Dom community in Lebanon, has faced severe socio-economic inequalities such as accessing appropriate shelter, clean water, decent job opportunities, education, and health services due to their lifestyle, legal status, and ethnic identity in Lebanon.
Lebanese Developers conducted this study to understand needs of Dom community including protection, law, livelihood training, their approach and thoughts on returning to Syria. Lebanese Developers also would like to illustrate gender roles and being a Dom women’s challenges in accessing jobs in the Akkar district (where the only surveys were held) as well as other parts of Lebanon.
Furthermore, it strengthens the organizational understanding of barriers and obstacles of gender norms in the Dom community. This initial research includes project beneficiaries and Dom women and men living in the Dom informal camp-based settlement. This report follows a structured format, concluding with recommendations for specific actions to be formulated using empirical data gathered in the field.
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
This qualitative needs assessment focuses on the Syrian Dom community living in informal camp-based settings and collective shelters in the Akkar district of northern Lebanon. The study aims to explore socio-economic conditions, livelihood strategies, protection risks, gender dynamics, access to basic services and perspectives on potential returm to Syria.The research utilized a qualitative methodology using focus group discussions (FGDs) as the primary data collection tool.
Lebanese Developers (LD) and the research team developed the data collection tools, and one woman researcher collected primary and secondary data to interpret the main findings. Data analysis was conducted by research lead.
The Dom community, being semi-nomadic and tightly-knit, is largely inaccessible. Thus, surveyed participants were identified through the Lebanese Developers Organization’s networks in the community. All participants attended this research voluntarily and this research was conducted in the tent in their settlement area with separately with men and women participants. Surveyed participants were selected from LD’s ongoing and former project beneficiaries for this pilot research
The primary data collection encompassed five focus group discussions including both Syrian Dom women and men in Akkar district. In total, 50 people attended the data collection phase. Data collection occurred over four fieldwork days conducted between 15 November 2025 and 12 December 2025 .
The reserach adhered to ethical standards for qualitative research with vulnerable populations. Participation was entirely voluntary and informed consent was obtained verbally from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time. The methodological approach adhered to a rights-based framework and the ‘Do No Harm’’ approach.
While the findings reflect experiences shared by participants in Akkar, they do not claim to represent the situation of all Syrian Dom communities across Lebanon (Results are indicative and not representative of Dom population in Lebanon)..
Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained. The research team followed safeguarding principles, and participants were informed of available referral pathways for protection concerns, including gender-based violence and child protection, where relevant.
All collected data were stored securely and accessed only by the research team for analysis purposes.
Socio- Demographic Profile
Focus group discussion participants included 40 Syrian Dom women and 10 men from different age groups, highlighting clear differences shaped by gender and age. Most participants were women, particularly adult women aged 25–34, 45–54, and 55–64, as well as one group made up of girls and young women aged 15–24. Men participated primarily through one group of adults aged 35–44.
Across all groups, participants shared a common experience of illiteracy, with none able to read or write Arabic fluently. This lack of literacy emerged as a core issue affecting daily life, such as accessing to job opportunities, basic services, and information.None of participants declared any type of disability.
In terms of their place of origin, majority of Dom community moved from Syrian cities (Lattakieh, Homs and Deir el Zour) to Lebanon and since 2013 they live in across Akkar district and Lebanon.
The discussions reveal how multiple factors overlap to shape people’s lives. Women especially described carrying the combined pressure of earning income, caring for children and households, and managing daily survival in conditions of poverty and discrimination.
Younger women and girls spoke of leaving school early due to traditional roles such as early marriage, taking care of house responsibilities and having few opportunities to build skills for the future. Men, while fewer in number, also described unstable daily work, lack of documentation, and frequent discrimination in their normal life. Taken together, the profiles show a deeply marginalized community, where gender and age intersect to produce different but equally limiting forms of vulnerability, with women, girls, and older adults facing the greatest constraints.
In terms of enrolling of Syrian Dom children into the formal education system in Lebanon, all FGD participants highligted that, Dom children are not involved in any formal and informal education activites in the Akkar district. In addition to this, parents highligted, children face bullying problems at schools.
Income Generating Activities
In terms of livelihoods, participants described surviving through informal and unstable income activities, including begging, house cleaning, seasonal agricultural work (such as olive picking and farming), shoe polishing, and other small daily jobs. These activities are unpredictable and generate income only on a day-to-day basis, often depending on weather, chance, or the goodwill of others. Participants consistently explained that such income is insufficient to meet basic needs, including food, water, healthcare, shelter-related costs, and school expenses for children. As a result, households live with constant uncertainty and stress, unable to plan for the future or achieve even minimal economic stability.
From a gender perspective, livelihood insecurity is experienced differently by women and men, but with equally harmful consequences. Women with primary childcare responsibilities described facing a heavy burden as they attempt to earn income while caring for children and managing households. Many explained that childcare responsibilities, lack of safe transportation, and fear of harassment limit their ability to work. These challenges are compounded by discrimination, as women reported being judged, rejected, or treated unfairly by employers due to their identity, gender, or perceived social status. Men also described significant psychosocial strain linked to unstable work and repeated rejection when seeking jobs. One man explicitly shared that his inability to find regular work and meet his children’s basic needs has caused serious mental distress, reflecting broader feelings of frustration, loss of dignity, and emotional pressure among men in the group.
An intersectional analysis shows that discrimination operates alongside legal and structural barriers to restrict access to job markets in Lebanon. Participants described experiencing discrimination from employers, local communities, and authorities, which limits opportunities even for informal work. Many reported being denied jobs, underpaid, or harassed once their identity became known. At the same time, lack of legal documentation and work permits creates fear of fines, detention, or harassment, discouraging both women and men from seeking employment in public spaces. Illiteracy further deepens exclusion by limiting access to information, training, and safer work options. Together, discrimination, legal insecurity, gender roles, childcare responsibilities, and low literacy reinforce cycles of poverty and psychosocial distress, leaving Syrian Dom households with few dignified or sustainable livelihood options.
Skills, Capacities, and Undeveloped Potential
Across all focus group discussions, women and youth in the Syrian Dom community demonstrated a range of existing skills and capacities that remain largely untapped due to lack of support and opportunity. Participants identified skills such as sewing and embroidery, handicrafts, henna and beauty-related work, and music and dancing, many of which are rooted in cultural traditions and long-standing practices. These skills are often used informally within the community but are rarely recognized or valued in the broader labor market. Women and youth expressed pride in these abilities and emphasized that, with the right support, they could be developed into meaningful income-generating activities.
Despite this potential, participants explained that their skills remain unsupported and unmarketed, leaving little opportunity to translate them into sustainable livelihoods. Most lack basic tools, materials, or safe spaces to practice and improve their skills. Others noted that they do not know how to access markets, set prices, or connect with customers beyond their immediate surroundings. As a result, existing capacities remain underutilized, reinforcing dependence on low-paid and unstable daily labor such as begging or seasonal work.
Participants consistently expressed a strong interest in practical, hands-on training that builds on what they already know. Rather than starting from scratch, women and youth emphasized the value of training that improves existing skills, introduces better techniques, and provides the tools needed to produce quality products or services.
Many highlighted that culturally familiar activities such as embroidery, beauty work, or handicrafts could offer safer and more acceptable livelihood options, particularly for women, if supported in a structured and dignified way.
BARRIERS TO TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
While interest in training is high, participants identified multiple barriers that make access to training extremely difficult. Across all FGDs, women and men emphasized that training programs are often inaccessible without basic enabling support, such as tools, transportation, and childcare. Many women explained that even when training opportunities exist, they are unable to attend because they cannot leave young children unattended or afford transportation costs. For some, the time spent attending training would also mean losing a day’s income, which families cannot afford.
Participants also stressed that training without a clear livelihood pathway is seen as ineffective. Past experiences with short-term or theoretical training have led to disappointment, as skills gained did not translate into income or employment. Women and youth repeatedly stated that training must be linked to real opportunities, including access to tools, start-up materials, and local markets. Without these components, training is perceived as raising expectations without offering practical outcomes.
In addition, illiteracy and legal insecurity further limit participation in training and capacity development. Participants described difficulties understanding registration processes, schedules, or written materials, while fear of harassment or movement restrictions discourages travel to training centers. These overlapping barriers mean that even motivated individuals are excluded from skill development opportunities. Participants emphasized that for training to be effective, it must be accessible, practical, and accompanied by concrete livelihood support, tailored to the realities of their daily life.
HOUSING and LIVING CONDITIONS IN AKKAR DISTRICT
Focus group discussion participants consistently described housing conditions in Akkar district as overcrowded, insecure, and inadequate to meet basic living standards. Almost all households live in collective shelters, informal camps, or tented settlements, typically shared only with immediate family members but within extremely confined spaces. Shelters were described as poorly constructed, lacking proper insulation, secure doors or windows, and protection from weather conditions. Participants across all age and gender groups reported irregular access to clean water, weak sanitation facilities, and limited waste management, contributing to poor hygiene and health risks.
Women highlighted additional challenges related to lack of privacy, exposure to insects such as mosquitoes and cockroaches, and unsafe environments for children. Many families reported that shelters provide little protection from heat in summer and cold in winter, while overcrowding increases stress, tension, and protection risks within households. Safety concerns were frequently raised, including fear of theft, harassment, and bullying of children in and around the settlements.
Overall, housing conditions were described as undignified and unstable, reinforcing broader patterns of vulnerability and compounding the socio-economic and protection challenges faced by the Syrian Dom community in Lebanon.
DOM IDENTITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Across all focus group discussions, participants consistently described their Dom identity as a key factor shaping their daily experiences of exclusion and hardship in Lebanon. Being identified as Dom was frequently associated with social stigma, prejudice, and negative stereotyping, which affects interactions with employers, local communities, and authorities. Participants shared that once their identity becomes known through accent, appearance, or place of residence they are often treated differently, including being refused work, paid less than others for the same tasks, or subjected to verbal abuse. This persistent discrimination reinforces feelings of invisibility and marginalization and limits opportunities for social and economic inclusion.
Discrimination related to Dom identity creates direct barriers to accessing livelihoods, particularly in an already restricted labor market. Many participants explained that employers are reluctant to hire Dom individuals, especially women, or only offer the most precarious and low-paid work. Women reported facing additional layers of judgment when working in public spaces, where their identity and gender intersect to expose them to harassment and social control. Men described repeated rejection when seeking work and expressed frustration at being perceived as untrustworthy or undesirable workers. These experiences discourage individuals from actively seeking employment and push households further into unsafe and informal income-generating activities, such as begging or day labor, where exploitation risks are high.
Beyond economic impacts, discrimination linked to Dom identity also has psychosocial and protection consequences. Participants described feelings of shame, stress, and emotional exhaustion resulting from constant exposure to rejection and unequal treatment. Parents expressed deep concern about the impact of discrimination on their children, particularly bullying in schools and social exclusion that undermines children’s sense of belonging and safety. Over time, this cumulative discrimination contributes to social isolation, reduced confidence, and limited engagement with services or institutions. Overall, the FGDs highlight that discrimination against the Syrian Dom community is not episodic but systemic, intersecting with poverty, displacement, gender roles, and legal insecurity to entrench long-term vulnerability and undermine dignity and wellbeing.
Protection and Safety Concerns
Across all focus group discussions, participants raised serious protection and safety concerns affecting their daily lives in Lebanon. Living conditions in collective shelters, informal camps, and tented settlements were described as unsafe, overcrowded, and lacking basic protective infrastructure. Participants reported inadequate doors and locks, poor lighting, and limited separation between households, which increase exposure to theft, harassment, and violence. Women and caregivers expressed particular concern for children’s safety within and around settlements, noting frequent bullying, verbal abuse, and lack of safe spaces for play or learning. These conditions contribute to a constant sense of insecurity and fear, especially at night.
Safety risks were also closely linked to livelihood activities and mobility. Many participants both women and men described fear of harassment, fines, or detention when working in public spaces due to lack of legal documentation or permits. Women reported heightened risk when engaging in income-generating activities outside the home, including exposure to verbal harassment, social judgment, and exploitation by employers. As a result, some women avoid certain types of work altogether, even when urgently needed, prioritizing personal safety over income. Men similarly described feeling unsafe while seeking work, particularly in areas with heavy police presence, which further restricts access to livelihoods and increases reliance on high-risk coping strategies such as begging.
Protection concerns also extend to psychosocial safety and dignity. Participants described ongoing stress, fear, and emotional exhaustion linked to unsafe environments, economic insecurity, and discrimination. Parents expressed deep anxiety about their inability to protect their children from bullying, unsafe schooling environments, or hazardous living conditions. Over time, this combination of physical insecurity, legal vulnerability, and social exclusion undermines trust in institutions and discourages engagement with services or reporting of incidents. Overall, the FGDs highlight that protection risks for the Syrian Dom community are multi-layered and persistent, intersecting with housing, livelihoods, gender roles, and legal status, and requiring integrated protection responses that address both physical safety and psychosocial wellbeing.
WOMEN and GIRLS’S PROTECTION RISKS
Women and girls in the Syrian Dom community face heightened and intersecting protection risks linked to poverty, displacement, gender norms, and unsafe living environments. Across the focus group discussions, women described feeling unsafe both within and outside their shelters. Overcrowded collective shelters and informal camps offer limited privacy and protection, with inadequate doors, lighting, and separation between households. These conditions expose women and girls to risks of harassment, intrusion, and exploitation, particularly at night. Caregivers expressed constant concern for adolescent girls, noting that lack of safe spaces and supervision increases vulnerability to harm.
Protection risks are further intensified when women and girls engage in income-generating activities in public spaces. Women reported fear of verbal harassment, social judgment, and exploitation while working in begging, house cleaning, or agricultural labor. Several participants explained that discrimination based on Dom identity and gender makes women more visible and more vulnerable, especially when traveling alone or working far from home. As a result, some families restrict women’s mobility or prevent them from working altogether, which, while intended as a protective measure, further limits women’s economic independence and increases household poverty.
Girls face additional risks related to exclusion from education and social spaces. Participants across FGDs reported bullying and discrimination against Dom children in schools, leading some families to withdraw their daughters from education for safety reasons. This early exclusion increases girls’ vulnerability to child labor, early responsibilities within the household, and long-term dependency. Mothers also highlighted the emotional impact on girls, including fear, isolation, and reduced self-confidence.
Overall, the discussions reveal that protection risks for women and girls are not isolated incidents but part of a broader pattern of structural vulnerability, where gender, age, poverty, discrimination, and legal insecurity intersect, underscoring the need for integrated protection, GBV prevention, and child protection interventions.
PRIORITY NEEDS IDENTIFIED BY PARTICIPANTS
When asked about their most urgent needs, participants across all FGDs consistently highlighted a small number of core priorities that directly affect daily survival and dignity. Access to clean and reliable water emerged as one of the most pressing needs, with participants describing frequent shortages, poor water quality, and the impact on hygiene and health. Women in particular emphasized the burden of managing households without sufficient water, noting its effects on children’s wellbeing and overall living conditions.
Another major priority was safe and inclusive education for children, free from bullying and discrimination. Parents expressed deep concern about their children’s experiences in schools, explaining that fear of harassment or exclusion has led some families to withdraw children especially girls from education altogether. Participants stressed that schooling is not only about learning, but also about protection, dignity, and the future prospects of their children. Ensuring a safe learning environment was seen as essential to breaking cycles of marginalization.
Participants also identified the need for dignified and secure housing, highlighting overcrowding, lack of privacy, unsafe structures, and exposure to insects, weather, and violence. Finally, there was strong consensus around the need for livelihood support linked to real opportunities. Rather than short-term assistance, participants emphasized the importance of income-generating support that includes tools, training, childcare, transportation, and market access. Together, these priorities reflect a desire not only for survival, but for stability, dignity, and pathways toward self-reliance.
FUTURE ASPIRATIONS and CONDITIONS For RETURN to SYRIA
Across all focus group discussions, participants expressed that while many hold a strong emotional connection to Syria, return to Syria is currently viewed as unsafe and unrealistic. Participants described return as a distant aspiration rather than an immediate option, emphasizing that ongoing insecurity, loss of homes, and the absence of basic services would expose families to renewed hardship. Many explained that they would feel “out of place” if they returned now, as years of displacement have resulted in the loss of social networks, livelihoods, and community support.
A central concern raised across all groups was the lack of legal documentation and civil registration in Syria. Participants reported missing identity documents, property papers, and civil records, and expressed fear that without these documents they would be unable to move freely, access healthcare, secure housing, or enroll their children in school. This legal invisibility was described as a major barrier to return to Syria, with participants stating that returning without documentation would place families at high risk of exclusion, harassment, and further rights violations.
Parents particularly mothers also stressed that safe and non-discriminatory access to education in Syria is a non-negotiable condition for return. Participants highlighted concerns about bullying, stigma, and exclusion of Dom children, noting that such experiences have already affected children in Lebanon and would be unacceptable upon return to Syria. Many stated that unless schools actively prevent discrimination and protect Dom children, return would not be considered, regardless of other improvements. In addition to education, participants emphasized the need for security and stability, access to livelihoods, affordable healthcare, and dignified housing or property rights. Overall, discussions revealed that return to Syria is envisioned not simply as a physical movement, but as a process that must ensure safety, dignity, legal recognition, and inclusion, particularly for children and future generations.
CALL TO ACTION
The findings of this assessment call for urgent, coordinated, and sustained action by humanitarian actors, development partners, and donors to address the intersecting vulnerabilities faced by the Syrian Dom community in Lebanon. Interventions must move beyond short-term assistance and adopt integrated, protection-sensitive, and gender-responsive approaches that address livelihoods, legal documentation, education, shelter, and safety simultaneously. Particular attention is needed to ensure the protection of women and children, mitigate discrimination, and remove structural barriers that prevent access to dignified work, services, and education.
Lebanese Developers calls on partners to engage directly with Dom communities in the design and implementation of inclusive programs, invest in market-linked livelihood opportunities supported by legal and social protection measures, and prioritize safe living conditions and access to education free from discrimination. Without targeted and sustained support, the cycle of exclusion, poverty, and protection risk facing the Syrian Dom community will continue to deepen, undermining both individual dignity and long-term social cohesion.
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